I couldn't find much info on stacking the new ternary operator, so I ran some tests:
<?php
echo 0 ?: 1 ?: 2 ?: 3; //1
echo 1 ?: 0 ?: 3 ?: 2; //1
echo 2 ?: 1 ?: 0 ?: 3; //2
echo 3 ?: 2 ?: 1 ?: 0; //3
echo 0 ?: 1 ?: 2 ?: 3; //1
echo 0 ?: 0 ?: 2 ?: 3; //2
echo 0 ?: 0 ?: 0 ?: 3; //3
?>
It works just as expected, returning the first non-false value within a group of expressions.
Comparison Operators
Comparison operators, as their name implies, allow you to compare two values. You may also be interested in viewing the type comparison tables, as they show examples of various type related comparisons.
| Example | Name | Result |
|---|---|---|
| $a == $b | Equal | TRUE if $a is equal to $b after type juggling. |
| $a === $b | Identical |
TRUE if $a is equal to $b, and they are of the same
type.
|
| $a != $b | Not equal | TRUE if $a is not equal to $b after type juggling. |
| $a <> $b | Not equal | TRUE if $a is not equal to $b after type juggling. |
| $a !== $b | Not identical |
TRUE if $a is not equal to $b, or they are not of the same
type.
|
| $a < $b | Less than | TRUE if $a is strictly less than $b. |
| $a > $b | Greater than | TRUE if $a is strictly greater than $b. |
| $a <= $b | Less than or equal to | TRUE if $a is less than or equal to $b. |
| $a >= $b | Greater than or equal to | TRUE if $a is greater than or equal to $b. |
| $a <=> $b | Spaceship | An integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero when $a is respectively less than, equal to, or greater than $b. Available as of PHP 7. |
If you compare a number with a string or the comparison involves numerical strings, then each string is converted to a number and the comparison performed numerically. These rules also apply to the switch statement. The type conversion does not take place when the comparison is === or !== as this involves comparing the type as well as the value.
<?php
var_dump(0 == "a"); // 0 == 0 -> true
var_dump("1" == "01"); // 1 == 1 -> true
var_dump("10" == "1e1"); // 10 == 10 -> true
var_dump(100 == "1e2"); // 100 == 100 -> true
switch ("a") {
case 0:
echo "0";
break;
case "a": // never reached because "a" is already matched with 0
echo "a";
break;
}
?>
<?php
// Integers
echo 1 <=> 1; // 0
echo 1 <=> 2; // -1
echo 2 <=> 1; // 1
// Floats
echo 1.5 <=> 1.5; // 0
echo 1.5 <=> 2.5; // -1
echo 2.5 <=> 1.5; // 1
// Strings
echo "a" <=> "a"; // 0
echo "a" <=> "b"; // -1
echo "b" <=> "a"; // 1
echo "a" <=> "aa"; // -1
echo "zz" <=> "aa"; // 1
// Arrays
echo [] <=> []; // 0
echo [1, 2, 3] <=> [1, 2, 3]; // 0
echo [1, 2, 3] <=> []; // 1
echo [1, 2, 3] <=> [1, 2, 1]; // 1
echo [1, 2, 3] <=> [1, 2, 4]; // -1
// Objects
$a = (object) ["a" => "b"];
$b = (object) ["a" => "b"];
echo $a <=> $b; // 0
$a = (object) ["a" => "b"];
$b = (object) ["a" => "c"];
echo $a <=> $b; // -1
$a = (object) ["a" => "c"];
$b = (object) ["a" => "b"];
echo $a <=> $b; // 1
// not only values are compared; keys must match
$a = (object) ["a" => "b"];
$b = (object) ["b" => "b"];
echo $a <=> $b; // 1
?>
For various types, comparison is done according to the following table (in order).
| Type of Operand 1 | Type of Operand 2 | Result |
|---|---|---|
| null or string | string | Convert NULL to "", numerical or lexical comparison |
| bool or null | anything | Convert both sides to bool, FALSE < TRUE |
| object | object | Built-in classes can define its own comparison, different classes are uncomparable, same class see Object Comparison |
| string, resource or number | string, resource or number | Translate strings and resources to numbers, usual math |
| array | array | Array with fewer members is smaller, if key from operand 1 is not found in operand 2 then arrays are uncomparable, otherwise - compare value by value (see following example) |
| object | anything | object is always greater |
| array | anything | array is always greater |
Example #1 Boolean/null comparison
<?php
// Bool and null are compared as bool always
var_dump(1 == TRUE); // TRUE - same as (bool)1 == TRUE
var_dump(0 == FALSE); // TRUE - same as (bool)0 == FALSE
var_dump(100 < TRUE); // FALSE - same as (bool)100 < TRUE
var_dump(-10 < FALSE);// FALSE - same as (bool)-10 < FALSE
var_dump(min(-100, -10, NULL, 10, 100)); // NULL - (bool)NULL < (bool)-100 is FALSE < TRUE
?>
Example #2 Transcription of standard array comparison
<?php
// Arrays are compared like this with standard comparison operators
function standard_array_compare($op1, $op2)
{
if (count($op1) < count($op2)) {
return -1; // $op1 < $op2
} elseif (count($op1) > count($op2)) {
return 1; // $op1 > $op2
}
foreach ($op1 as $key => $val) {
if (!array_key_exists($key, $op2)) {
return null; // uncomparable
} elseif ($val < $op2[$key]) {
return -1;
} elseif ($val > $op2[$key]) {
return 1;
}
}
return 0; // $op1 == $op2
}
?>
See also strcasecmp(), strcmp(), Array operators, and the manual section on Types.
Warning
Comparison of floating point numbers
Because of the way floats are represented internally, you should not test two floats for equality.
See the documentation for float for more information.
Ternary Operator
Another conditional operator is the "?:" (or ternary) operator.
Example #3 Assigning a default value
<?php
// Example usage for: Ternary Operator
$action = (empty($_POST['action'])) ? 'default' : $_POST['action'];
// The above is identical to this if/else statement
if (empty($_POST['action'])) {
$action = 'default';
} else {
$action = $_POST['action'];
}
?>
TRUE, and
expr3 if
expr1 evaluates to FALSE.
Since PHP 5.3, it is possible to leave out the middle part of the ternary
operator. Expression expr1 ?: expr3 returns
expr1 if expr1
evaluates to TRUE, and expr3 otherwise.
Note: Please note that the ternary operator is an expression, and that it doesn't evaluate to a variable, but to the result of an expression. This is important to know if you want to return a variable by reference. The statement return $var == 42 ? $a : $b; in a return-by-reference function will therefore not work and a warning is issued.
Note:
It is recommended that you avoid "stacking" ternary expressions. PHP's behaviour when using more than one ternary operator within a single statement is non-obvious:
Example #4 Non-obvious Ternary Behaviour
<?php
// on first glance, the following appears to output 'true'
echo (true?'true':false?'t':'f');
// however, the actual output of the above is 't'
// this is because ternary expressions are evaluated from left to right
// the following is a more obvious version of the same code as above
echo ((true ? 'true' : false) ? 't' : 'f');
// here, you can see that the first expression is evaluated to 'true', which
// in turn evaluates to (bool)true, thus returning the true branch of the
// second ternary expression.
?>
Null Coalescing Operator
Further exists the "??" (or null coalescing) operator, available as of PHP 7.
Example #5 Assigning a default value
<?php
// Example usage for: Null Coalesce Operator
$action = $_POST['action'] ?? 'default';
// The above is identical to this if/else statement
if (isset($_POST['action'])) {
$action = $_POST['action'];
} else {
$action = 'default';
}
?>
NULL, and expr1 otherwise.
In particular, this operator does not emit a notice if the left-hand side value does not exist, just like isset(). This is especially useful on array keys.
Note: Please note that the null coalescing operator is an expression, and that it doesn't evaluate to a variable, but to the result of an expression. This is important to know if you want to return a variable by reference. The statement return $foo ?? $bar; in a return-by-reference function will therefore not work and a warning is issued.
Note:
Please note that the null coalescing operator allows for simple nesting:
Example #6 Nesting null coalescing operator
<?php
$foo = null;
$bar = null;
$baz = 1;
$qux = 2;
echo $foo ?? $bar ?? $baz ?? $qux; // outputs 1
?>
add a note
User Contributed Notes 46 notes
crazy888s at hotmail dot com ¶
9 years ago
arnaud at arnapou dot net ¶
9 years ago
[Editor's note: consider using ===]
I discover after 10 years of PHP development something awfull : even if you make a string comparison (both are strings), strings are tested like integers and leading "space" character (even \n, \r, \t) is ignored ....
I spent hours because of leading \n in a string ... it hurts my developper sensibility to see two strings beeing compared like integers and not like strings ... I use strcmp now for string comparison ... so stupid ...
Test code :
<?php
test("1234", "1234");
test("1234", " 1234");
test("1234", "\n1234");
test("1234", "1234 ");
test("1234", "1234\n");
function test($v1, $v2) {
echo "<h1>[".show_cr($v1)."] vs [".show_cr($v2)."]</h1>";
echo my_var_dump($v1)."<br />";
echo my_var_dump($v2)."<br />";
if($v1 == $v2) {
echo "EQUAL !";
}
else {
echo "DIFFERENT !";
}
}
function show_cr($var) {
return str_replace("\n", "\\n", $var);
}
function my_var_dump($var) {
ob_start();
var_dump($var);
$dump = show_cr(trim(ob_get_contents()));
ob_end_clean();
return $dump;
}
?>
Displays this ->
[1234] vs [1234]
string(4) "1234"
string(4) "1234"
EQUAL !
[1234] vs [ 1234]
string(4) "1234"
string(5) " 1234"
EQUAL !
[1234] vs [\n1234]
string(4) "1234"
string(5) "\n1234"
EQUAL !
[1234] vs [1234 ]
string(4) "1234"
string(5) "1234 "
DIFFERENT !
[1234] vs [1234\n]
string(4) "1234"
string(5) "1234\n"
DIFFERENT !
jwhiting at hampshire dot edu ¶
15 years ago
note: the behavior below is documented in the appendix K about type comparisons, but since it is somewhat buried i thought i should raise it here for people since it threw me for a loop until i figured it out completely.
just to clarify a tricky point about the == comparison operator when dealing with strings and numbers:
('some string' == 0) returns TRUE
however, ('123' == 0) returns FALSE
also note that ((int) 'some string') returns 0
and ((int) '123') returns 123
the behavior makes senes but you must be careful when comparing strings to numbers, e.g. when you're comparing a request variable which you expect to be numeric. its easy to fall into the trap of:
if ($_GET['myvar']==0) dosomething();
as this will dosomething() even when $_GET['myvar'] is 'some string' and clearly not the value 0
i was getting lazy with my types since php vars are so flexible, so be warned to pay attention to the details...
Harry Willis ¶
5 years ago
I was interested about the following two uses of the ternary operator (PHP >= 5.3) for using a "default" value if a variable is not set or evaluates to false:
<?php
(isset($some_variable) && $some_variable) ? $some_variable : 'default_value';
$some_variable ?: 'default_value';
?>
The second is more readable, but will throw an ERR_NOTICE is $some_variable is not set. Of course, this could be overcome by suppressing the notice using the @ operator.
Performance-wise, though, comparing 1 million iterations of the three statements
(isset($foo) && $foo) ? $foo : ''
($foo) ?: ''
(@$foo) ?: ''
results in the following:
$foo is NOT SET.
[isset] 0.18222403526306
[?:] 0.57496404647827
[@ ?:] 0.64780592918396
$foo is NULL.
[isset] 0.17995285987854
[?:] 0.15304207801819
[@ ?:] 0.20394206047058
$foo is FALSE.
[isset] 0.19388508796692
[?:] 0.15359902381897
[@ ?:] 0.20741701126099
$foo is TRUE.
[isset] 0.17265486717224
[?:] 0.11773896217346
[@ ?:] 0.16193103790283
In other words, using the long-form ternary operator with isset($some_variable) is preferable overall if $some_variable may not be set.
(error_reporting was set to zero for the benchmark, to avoid printing a million notices...)
mail at mkharitonov dot net ¶
5 years ago
Be careful with the "==" operator when both operands are strings:
<?php
var_dump('123' == ' 123'); // true
var_dump('1e3' == '1000'); // true
var_dump('+74951112233' == '74951112233'); // true
var_dump('00000020' == '0000000000000000020'); // true
var_dump('0X1D' == '29E0'); // true
var_dump('0xafebac' == '11529132'); // true
var_dump('0xafebac' == '0XAFEBAC'); // true
var_dump('0xeb' == '+235e-0'); // true
var_dump('0.235' == '+.235'); // true
var_dump('0.2e-10' == '2.0E-11'); // true
var_dump('61529519452809720693702583126814' == '61529519452809720000000000000000'); // true in php < 5.4.4
thomas dot oldbury at tgohome dot com ¶
12 years ago
Be careful when using the ternary operator!
The following will not evaluate to the expected result:
<?php
echo "a string that has a " . (true) ? 'true' : 'false' . " condition in. ";
?>
Will print true.
Instead, use this:
<?php
echo "a string that has a " . ((true) ? 'true' : 'false') . " condition in. ";
?>
This will evaluate to the expected result: "a string that has a true condition in. "
I hope this helps.
Anonymous ¶
14 years ago
The following contrasts the trinary operator associativity in PHP and Java. The first test would work as expected in Java (evaluates left-to-right, associates right-to-left, like if stmnt), the second in PHP (evaluates and associates left-to-right)
<?php
echo "\n\n######----------- trinary operator associativity\n\n";
function trinaryTest($foo){
$bar = $foo > 20
? "greater than 20"
: $foo > 10
? "greater than 10"
: $foo > 5
? "greater than 5"
: "not worthy of consideration";
echo $foo." => ".$bar."\n";
}
echo "----trinaryTest\n\n";
trinaryTest(21);
trinaryTest(11);
trinaryTest(6);
trinaryTest(4);
function trinaryTestParens($foo){
$bar = $foo > 20
? "greater than 20"
: ($foo > 10
? "greater than 10"
: ($foo > 5
? "greater than 5"
: "not worthy of consideration"));
echo $foo." => ".$bar."\n";
}
echo "----trinaryTestParens\n\n";
trinaryTestParens(21);
trinaryTestParens(11);
trinaryTest(6);
trinaryTestParens(4);
?>
Output:
######----------- trinary operator associativity
----trinaryTest
21 => greater than 5
11 => greater than 5
6 => greater than 5
4 => not worthy of consideration
----trinaryTestParens
21 => greater than 20
11 => greater than 10
6 => greater than 5
4 => not worthy of consideration
hiroh2k at yahoo dot com ¶
14 years ago
if you want to use the ?: operator, you should be careful with the precedence.
Here's an example of the priority of operators:
<?php
echo 'Hello, ' . isset($i) ? 'my friend: ' . $username . ', how are you doing?' : 'my guest, ' . $guestusername . ', please register';
?>
This make "'Hello, ' . isset($i)" the sentence to evaluate. So, if you think to mix more sentences with the ?: operator, please use always parentheses to force the proper evaluation of the sentence.
<?php
echo 'Hello, ' . (isset($i) ? 'my friend: ' . $username . ', how are you doing?' : 'my guest, ' . $guestusername . ', please register');
?>
for general rule, if you mix ?: with other sentences, always close it with parentheses.
Tero Lahtinen ¶
1 month ago
?? this operator does not emit a notice if the left-hand side value does not exist, just like isset()
However, note that
$a = (float) $foo['bar'] ?? 1;
Does emit a warning, as the (float) $foo['bar'] is evaluated first, e.g. it is equivalent to
$a = ( (float) $foo['bar']) ?? 1;
Not to
$a (float) ( $foo['bar'] ?? 1);
stepheneliotdewey at gmail [period] com ¶
12 years ago
Note that typecasting will NOT prevent the default behavior for converting two numeric strings to numbers when comparing them.
e.g.:
<?php
if ((string) '0123' == (string) '123')
print 'equals';
else
print 'doesn\'t equal';
?>
Still prints 'equals'
As far as I can tell the only way to avoid this is to use the identity comparison operators (=== and !==).
bishop ¶
12 years ago
When you want to know if two arrays contain the same values, regardless of the values' order, you cannot use "==" or "===". In other words:
<?php
(array(1,2) == array(2,1)) === false;
?>
To answer that question, use:
<?php
function array_equal($a, $b) {
return (is_array($a) && is_array($b) && array_diff($a, $b) === array_diff($b, $a));
}
?>
A related, but more strict problem, is if you need to ensure that two arrays contain the same key=>value pairs, regardless of the order of the pairs. In that case, use:
<?php
function array_identical($a, $b) {
return (is_array($a) && is_array($b) && array_diff_assoc($a, $b) === array_diff_assoc($b, $a));
}
?>
Example:
<?php
$a = array (2, 1);
$b = array (1, 2);
// true === array_equal($a, $b);
// false === array_identical($a, $b);
$a = array ('a' => 2, 'b' => 1);
$b = array ('b' => 1, 'a' => 2);
// true === array_identical($a, $b)
// true === array_equal($a, $b)
?>
(See also the solution "rshawiii at yahoo dot com" posted)
rshawiii at yahoo dot com ¶
13 years ago
You can't just compare two arrays with the === operator
like you would think to find out if they are equal or not. This is more complicated when you have multi-dimensional arrays. Here is a recursive comparison function.
<?php
/**
* Compares two arrays to see if they contain the same values. Returns TRUE or FALSE.
* usefull for determining if a record or block of data was modified (perhaps by user input)
* prior to setting a "date_last_updated" or skipping updating the db in the case of no change.
*
* @param array $a1
* @param array $a2
* @return boolean
*/
function array_compare_recursive($a1, $a2)
{
if (!(is_array($a1) and (is_array($a2)))) { return FALSE;}
if (!count($a1) == count($a2))
{
return FALSE; // arrays don't have same number of entries
}
foreach ($a1 as $key => $val)
{
if (!array_key_exists($key, $a2))
{return FALSE; // uncomparable array keys don't match
}
elseif (is_array($val) and is_array($a2[$key])) // if both entries are arrays then compare recursive
{if (!array_compare_recursive($val,$a2[$key])) return FALSE;
}
elseif (!($val === $a2[$key])) // compare entries must be of same type.
{return FALSE;
}
}
return TRUE; // $a1 === $a2
}
?>
adam at caucho dot com ¶
13 years ago
Note: according to the spec, PHP's comparison operators are not transitive. For example, the following are all true in PHP5:
"11" < "a" < 2 < "11"
As a result, the outcome of sorting an array depends on the order the elements appear in the pre-sort array. The following code will dump out two arrays with *different* orderings:
<?php
$a = array(2, "a", "11", 2);
$b = array(2, "11", "a", 2);
sort($a);
var_dump($a);
sort($b);
var_dump($b);
?>
This is not a bug report -- given the spec on this documentation page, what PHP does is "correct". But that may not be what was intended...
bimal at sanjaal dot com ¶
6 years ago
I came across peculiar outputs while I was attempting to debug a script
<?php
# Setup platform (pre conditions somewhere in a loop)
$index=1;
$tally = array();
# May work with warnings that $tally[$index] is not initialized
# Notice: Undefined offset: 1 in D:\htdocs\colors\ColorCompare\i.php on line #__
# It is an old fashioned way.
# $tally[$index] = $tally[$index] + 1;
# Does not work: Loops to attempt to change $index and values are aways unaffected
$tally[$index] = isset($tally[$index])?$tally[$index]:0+1;
$tally[$index] = isset($tally[$index])?$tally[$index]:0+1;
$tally[$index] = isset($tally[$index])?$tally[$index]:0+1;
/*
# These three lines output:
Array
(
[1] => 1
)
*/
# Works: This is what I need/expect
# $tally[$index] = 1+(isset($tally[$index])?$tally[$index]:0);
print_r($tally);
?>
The second block obviously does not work what one expects.
Third part is good.
Cuong Huy To ¶
8 years ago
In the table "Comparison with Various Types", please move the last line about "Object" to be above the line about "Array", since Object is considered to be greater than Array (tested on 5.3.3)
(Please remove my "Anonymous" post of the same content before. You could check IP to see that I forgot to type my name)
Jeremy Swinborne ¶
7 years ago
Beware of the consequences of comparing strings to numbers. You can disprove the laws of the universe.
echo ('X' == 0 && 'X' == true && 0 == false) ? 'true == false' : 'sanity prevails';
This will output 'true == false'. This stems from the use of the UNIX function strtod() to convert strings to numbers before comparing. Since 'X' or any other string without a number in it converts to 0 when compared to a number, 0 == 0 && 'X' == true && 0 == false
Marcin Kuzawiski ¶
4 years ago
A < B and still B < A...
$A = [1 => 1, 2 => 0, 3 => 1];
$B = [1 => 1, 3 => 0, 2 => 1];
var_dump($A < $B); // TRUE
var_dump($B < $A); // TRUE
var_dump($A > $B); // TRUE
var_dump($B > $A); // TRUE
Next - C and D are comparable, but neither C < D nor D < C (and still C != D)...
$C = [1 => 1, 2 => 1, 3 => 0];
$D = [1 => 1, 3 => 1, 2 => 0];
var_dump($C < $D); // FALSE
var_dump($D < $C); // FALSE
var_dump($C > $D); // FALSE
var_dump($D > $C); // FALSE
var_dump($D == $C); // FALSE
kapoor_rajiv at hotmail dot com ¶
9 years ago
A quick way to do mysql bit comparison in php is to use the special character it stores . e.g
<?php
if ($AvailableRequests['OngoingService'] == '')
echo '<td>Yes</td>';
else
echo '<td>No</td>';
?>
jeronimo at DELETE_THIS dot transartmedia dot com ¶
15 years ago
For converted Perl programmers: use strict comparison operators (===, !==) in place of string comparison operators (eq, ne). Don't use the simple equality operators (==, !=), because ($a == $b) will return TRUE in many situations where ($a eq $b) would return FALSE.
For instance...
"mary" == "fred" is FALSE, but
"+010" == "10.0" is TRUE (!)
In the following examples, none of the strings being compared are identical, but because PHP *can* evaluate them as numbers, it does so, and therefore finds them equal...
<?php
echo ("007" == "7" ? "EQUAL" : "not equal");
// Prints: EQUAL
// Surrounding the strings with single quotes (') instead of double
// quotes (") to ensure the contents aren't evaluated, and forcing
// string types has no effect.
echo ( (string)'0001' == (string)'+1.' ? "EQUAL" : "not equal");
// Prints: EQUAL
// Including non-digit characters (like leading spaces, "e", the plus
// or minus sign, period, ...) can still result in this behavior, if
// a string happens to be valid scientific notation.
echo (' 131e-2' == '001.3100' ? "EQUAL" : "not equal");
// Prints: EQUAL
?>
If you're comparing passwords (or anything else for which "near" precision isn't good enough) this confusion could be detrimental. Stick with strict comparisons...
<?php
// Same examples as above, using === instead of ==
echo ("007" === "7" ? "EQUAL" : "not equal");
// Prints: not equal
echo ( (string)'0001' === (string)'+1.' ? "EQUAL" : "not equal");
// Prints: not equal
echo (' 131e-2' === '001.3100' ? "EQUAL" : "not equal");
// Prints: not equal
?>
Alex ¶
13 years ago
I think everybody should read carefully what "jeronimo at DELETE_THIS dot transartmedia dot com" wrote. It's a great pitfall even for seasoned programmers and should be looked upon with a great attention.
For example, comparing passwords with == may result in a very large security hole.
I would add some more to it:
The workaround is to use strcmp() or ===.
Note on ===:
While the php documentation says that, basically,
($a===$b) is the same as ($a==$b && gettype($a) == gettype($b)),
this is not true.
The difference between == and === is that === never does any type conversion. So, while, according to documentation, ("+0.1" === ".1") should return true (because both are strings and == returns true), === actually returns false (which is good).
Anonymous ¶
10 years ago
Note: The ternary shortcut currently seems to be of no use in dealing with unexisting keys in an array, as PHP will throw an error. Take the following example.
<?php
$_POST['Unexisting'] = $_POST['Unexisting'] ?: false;
?>
PHP will throw an error that the "Unexisting" key does not exist. The @ operator does not work here to suppress this error.
gondo ¶
5 years ago
beware of the fact, that there is no `<==` nor `>==` therefore `false <= 0` will be `true`. php v. 5.4.27
Hayley Watson ¶
12 years ago
Note that the "ternary operator" is better described as the "conditional operator". The former name merely notes that it has three arguments without saying anything about what it does. Needless to say, if PHP picked up any more ternary operators, this will be a problem.
"Conditional Operator" is actually descriptive of the semantics, and is the name historically given to it in, e.g., C.
G ¶
2 years ago
Do note, using the ternary operator shorthand (since 5.3), omitting the 2nd expression the first expression will only be called once.
Before 5.3 (or not using the shorthand)
<?php
$val = f('x') ? f('x') : false;
// f('x') will be run twice
?>
After 5.3
<?php
$val = f('x') ?: false;
// f('x') will be run once
?>
user@example ¶
15 years ago
With Nested ternary Operators you have to set the logical parentheses to get the correct result.
<?php
$test=true;
$test2=true;
($test) ? "TEST1 true" : ($test2) ? "TEST2 true" : "false";
?>
This will output: TEST2 true;
correct:
<?php
$test=true;
$test2=true;
($test) ? "TEST1 true" : (($test2) ? "TEST2 true" : "false");
?>
Anyway don't nest them to much....!!
niall at maranelda dot org ¶
1 year ago
Care must be taken when using the spaceship operator with arrays that do not have the same keys:
- Contrary to the notes above ("Example #2 Transcription of standard array comparison"), it does *not* return null if the left-hand array contains a key that the right-hand array does not.
- Because of this, the result depends on the order you do the comparison in.
For example:
<?php
$a = ['a' => 1, 'b' => 2, 'c' => 3, 'e' => 4];
$b = ['a' => 1, 'b' => 2, 'd' => 3, 'e' => 4];
var_dump($a <=> $b); // int(1) : $a > $b because $a has the 'c' key and $b doesn't.
var_dump($b <=> $a); // int(1) : $b > $a because $b has the 'd' key and $a doesn't.
?>
ahmad dot mayahi at gmai dot com ¶
1 year ago
(and) and (&&) have a slightly different behavior when it comes to comparison.
(&&) and (=) have higher precedence than (and), in the following code:
<?php
$res = true and false;
var_dump($res); //Returns: true
?>
But why? It's because (=) has a higher precedence than (and):
<?php
($res = true) and false;
var_dump($rest); //Returns: true
?>
But not for:
<?php
$bool = true && false;
var_dump($bool); //Returns false
?>
Please note that (or) act the same as (and).
alan dot g at nospam dot net ¶
9 years ago
a function to help settings default values, it returns its own first non-empty argument :
make your own eor combos !
<?php
/*
* Either Or
*
* usage: $foo = eor(test1(),test2(),"default");
* usage: $foo = eor($_GET['foo'], foogen(), $foo, "bar");
*/
function eor() {
$vars = func_get_args();
while (!empty($vars) && empty($defval))
$defval = array_shift($vars);
return $defval;
}
?>
prezire at gmail dot com ¶
3 years ago
Take note when grouping ternary operations that return either boolean or integer concatenated to a string:
<?php
echo 'hello ' . true ? 1 : 0, //Outputs 1
'hello ' . (true ? 1 : 0); //Outputs hello 1
?>
fernandoleal at dragoncs dot com ¶
12 years ago
If you need nested ifs on I var its important to group the if so it works.
Example:
<?php
//Dont Works
//Parse error: parse error, unexpected ':'
$var='<option value="1" '.$status == "1" ? 'selected="selected"' :''.'>Value 1</option>';
//Works:
$var='<option value="1" '.($status == "1" ? 'selected="selected"' :'').'>Value 1</option>';
echo $var;
?>
sgurukrupa at gmail dot com ¶
5 years ago
With respect to using the ternary operator as a 'null-coalescing' operator: expr1 ?: expr2, note that expr1 is evaluated only once.
phpnotes at zavaboy dot com ¶
1 year ago
A note on null coalescing operators with arithmetic as it may not be obvious for some people.
<?php
// Only $a and $c are defined as:
$a = 4; $c = 2;
// When you do this:
echo $a ?? 0 + $b ?? 0 + $c ?? 0 ; // 4
// You may have expected a result like this:
echo ($a ?? 0)+($b ?? 0)+($c ?? 0); // 6
// But this is basically what's going on:
echo $a ??(0 + $b)??(0 + $c)?? 0 ; // 4
?>
Also note the first and last will produce an E_NOTICE if $a is not defined or null and $b is not defined:
Notice: Undefined variable: b in __FILE__ on line __LINE__
See also:
http://php.net/manual/en/language.operators.precedence.php
Romain ¶
1 year ago
?? vs isset() with __isset() and __get()
<?php
class A
{
public function __get($id)
{
return 'a value';
}
}
class B
{
public function __isset($id)
{
return false;
}
public function __get($id)
{
return 'a value';
}
}
class c
{
protected $test = "a value";
public function __isset($id)
{
return true;
}
}
$a = new A();
$b = new B();
$c = new C();
echo isset($a->test) ? $a->test : 'nothing'; // "nothing"
echo $a->test ?? 'nothing'; // "a value", isset() is not called!
echo isset($b->test) ? $b->test : 'nothing'; // "nothing"
echo $b->test ?? 'nothing'; // "nothing", __isset() is called
echo isset($c->test) ? $c->test : 'nothing'; // throw an Exception
echo $c->test ?? 'nothing'; // "nothing"
?>
j-a-n at gmx dot de ¶
7 years ago
Please be careful when comparing strings with floats, especally when you are using the , as decimal.
<?php
var_dump($alt);
var_dump($neu);
var_dump($alt == $neu);
?>
string(9) "590217,73"
float(590217,73)
bool(false)
not the float is cast to a string and then string-compared, but the string is cast to a float and then float-compared.
to compare as strings use strval!
<?php
var_dump(strval($alt));
var_dump(strval($neu));
var_dump(strval($alt) == strval($neu));
?>
string(9) "590217,73"
string(9) "590217,73"
bool(true)
Mark Simon ¶
8 years ago
The use of 5.3’s shortened ternary operator allows PHP to coalesce a null or empty value to an alternative:
$value = $planA ?: $planB;
My own server doesn’t yet run 5.3. A nice alternative is to use the “or†operator:
$value = $planA or $value = planB;
zak at minion dot net ¶
8 years ago
be careful when trying to concatenate the result of a ternary operator to a string
<?php
print '<div>'.(FALSE) ? 'TRUE [bad ternary]' : 'FALSE [bad ternary]';
print '<br><br>';
print '<div>'.((FALSE) ? 'TRUE [good ternary]' : 'FALSE [good ternary]');
?>
yields:
TRUE [bad ternary]
FALSE [good ternary]
this is because the ternary evaluates '<div>'.(FALSE) not (FALSE) - so the end result is TRUE
taras dot bogach at gmail dot com ¶
9 years ago
Boolean switch usege
<?php
class User_Exception extends Exception{}
class User{
public function register($login,$pass,$passCheck)
switch(false){
case(strlen($pass) >= 5):
throw new User_Exception("Password must be at last 5 chars length");
case($pass == $passCheck):
throw new User_Exception("Password is not confirmed!");
case(strlen($login) >= 5):
throw new User_Exception("Login must be at last 5 chars length");
//Do other checks
default:
//Do registration
return true;
}
}
//...
}
?>
Boolean_Type ¶
5 years ago
Nice and helpful article!)
I would like to ask:
number == null - it converts both types of comparisons to a boolean or numeric type? In the table the author pointed out that to a boolean. But elsewhere I read that to a numeric type.
Amaroq ¶
11 years ago
Most of the time, you may be content with your conditionals evaluating to true if they are evaluating a non-false, non-zero value. You may also like it when they evaluate to false when you use the number 0.
However, there may be times where you want to make a distinction between a non-false value and a boolean true. You may also wish to make a distinction between a boolean false and a zero.
The identity operator can make this distinction for you.
<?php
$a = 'some string';
$b = 123;
$c = 0;
if($a && $b && (!$c))
{ echo "True.\n"; } else { echo "False.\n"; }
if($a == true && $b == true && $c == false)
{ echo "True.\n"; } else { echo "False.\n"; }
if($a === true || $b === true || $c === false)
{ echo "True.\n"; } else { echo "False.\n"; }
?>
The above code outputs the following:
True.
True.
False.
As you can see, in the first two cases, $a and $b are considered true, while $c is considered false. If this wasn't the case, neither of the first two conditionals would have echoed "True."
In the last case, I've cleverly used the || operator to demonstrate that both $a and $b do not evaluate to true with the identity operator, nor does $c evaluate to false.
The === operator can be used to distinguish boolean from non-boolean values.
damien dot launay dot mail at gmail dot com ¶
6 years ago
I found a nice way to use of new "?:" operator:
$a = array();
$a['foo'] = 'oof';
$b = @ ($a['foo'] ?: 'No foo');
$c = @ ($a['bar'] ?: 'No bar');
var_dump($b, $c);
Output:
string(3) "oof"
string(6) "No bar"
No error is thrown and $c is set with correct value.
Benefit: no need to use isset.
toader_alexandru at yahoo dot com ¶
7 years ago
it looks that
if you check 0 against a string with == then PHP returns true:
php -r 'var_dump(0 == "statuses");'
-> returns TRUE
but not if your string has a number at the beginning:
php -r 'var_dump(0 == "2statuses");'
-> returns FALSE
from the specs I get it that it attempts a conversion - in this case the string to number.
so better use ===
as always :)
mail at markuszeller dot com ¶
9 years ago
I prefer writing (!$a == 'hello') much more than ($a != 'hello'), but I wondered about the performance.
So I did a benchmark:
<?php
for($bench = 0; $bench < 3; $bench++)
{
$start = microtime(true);
$a = 1;
for($i = 0; $i < 100000000; $i++)
{
if(!$a == 'hello') $b++;
}
$end = microtime(true);
echo "Used time: " . ($end-$start) . "\n";
}
?>
and it results with
# if($a != 'hello')
Used time: 12.552895069122
Used time: 12.548940896988
Used time: 12.470285177231
# if(!$a == 'hello')
Used time: 7.6532161235809
Used time: 7.6426539421082
Used time: 7.6452689170837
email at kleijn dot jp ¶
8 years ago
Maybe i am overlooking something but it seems to me that using unset(string) inside a ternary operator creates an error.
(($var1==0 && $var2==0)?unset($var3):$var3=$var1+$var2);
result:
Parse error: syntax error, unexpected T_UNSET
using the traditional form of IF...ELSE works normal.
if($var1==0 && $var2==0) { unset($var3); }
else { $var3=$var1+$var2; }
result:
This unsets var3 or creates a sum of var1+var2 for var3
JP Kleijn
Netherlands
Ryan Mott ¶
14 days ago
Searching for "double question mark" operator should find this page (and hopefully after this comment the crawlers will agree)
Hayley Watson ¶
4 years ago
When the comparison rules for the spaceship operator say that for "object<=>anything" the object is always greater, and for "array<=>anything" the array is always greater.
The rules should be used in the order they are listed. In the latter case, "anything" means "anything except an object".
The former rule says that "object<=>array" will always decide that the object is greater (and evaluate to a positive integer); to be consistent, the comparison "array<=>object" must also always decide that the object is greater (and evaluate to a negative integer).
fr at felix-riesterer dot de ¶
2 years ago
I wanted to see if two arrays carry the same information even if they are technically different, so I created the following function. Hopefully this is useful to somebody.
Note: This is a different approach than "rshawiii at yahoo dot com" has taken.
<?php
/**
* function to compare the contents of two arrays
*
* This function returns true if all the following are true:
* - arrays' values match
* - arrays' keys match
* - keys-value pairs are the same in both arrays
*
* The order of the key-value pairs does not matter, so even if
* ($array1 == $array2) is technically false, this function might
* still return true like in the following examples:
*
* $a = array(1, 5, 8);
* $b = array(5, 1, 8);
* => true
*
* $a = array('a' => 1, 'b' => 2, 'c' => 'xyz');
* $b = array('a' => 1, 'c' => 'xyz', 'b' => 2);
* => true
*
* $a = array(4 => 1, 7 => 2, 12 => 'xyz');
* $b = array(9 => 2, 3 => 1, 123 => 'xyz');
* => false
*
* @param array
* @param array
* @return bool matching
*/
function same_array_contents($a, $b) {
// easy
if (count($a) != count($b)) {
return false;
}
// complicated 1: different values
$a_values = array_values($a);
$b_values = array_values($b);
sort($a_values);
sort($b_values);
if ($a_values != $b_values) {
return false;
}
// complicated 2: different index names
$a_keys = array_keys($a);
$b_keys = array_keys($b);
sort($a_keys);
sort($b_keys);
if ($a_keys != $b_keys) {
return false;
}
// complicated 3 (same values and same keys): key => value different?
$r = true; // expect match
if (array_keys($a_keys) != $a_keys
|| array_keys($b_keys) != $b_keys
) {
// associative array(s)
foreach ($a_keys as $key) {
if ($a[$key] != $b[$key]) {
$r = false;
}
}
}
return $r;
}
?>
